<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043</id><updated>2010-08-26T00:00:05.223+01:00</updated><title type='text'>The Emperor's New Clothes</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/index.shtml'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.vuzen.com/atom.xml'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>11</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-1883553834425346889</id><published>2010-08-26T00:00:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2010-08-26T00:00:05.235+01:00</updated><title type='text'>This blog has moved</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;       This blog is now located at http://vuzen.blogspot.com/.&lt;br /&gt;       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds or you may click &lt;a href='http://vuzen.blogspot.com/'&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to&lt;br /&gt;       http://vuzen.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default.&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-1883553834425346889?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/1883553834425346889/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=1883553834425346889' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/1883553834425346889'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/1883553834425346889'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2010/08/this-blog-has-moved.html' title='This blog has moved'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-2080321842789854859</id><published>2010-01-13T23:31:00.002Z</published><updated>2010-01-13T23:41:10.868Z</updated><title type='text'>Who Wants to be a Millionaire?</title><content type='html'>Well, me for a start, and you too, I'd hazard a guess.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I've just watched &lt;i&gt;Slumdog Millionaire&lt;/i&gt; on television, and it's as good now as it was on the Big Screen in 2008.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What amazes me is that when the movie was released, there was a huge outcry from India - mostly from Mumbai - because the film dared to show the slums in that city that is known worldwide as the business capital of India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The depiction of slum life was accurate; the truth, if anything, is worse than shown. But so what? Every city has a dirty underbelly, even the richest cities of the west. Hollywood delights in humiliating all the major cities of the US, the UK and many other countries.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If slums hurt that much, then rather than take it out on a movie, why not do something about it?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What made me laugh out loud was that not a word was said against the equally accurate depiction of police brutality. Not a word, so far as I heard.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Funny old world ...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-2080321842789854859?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/2080321842789854859/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=2080321842789854859' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/2080321842789854859'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/2080321842789854859'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2010/01/who-wants-to-be-millionaire.html' title='Who Wants to be a Millionaire?'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-3407933955060844790</id><published>2009-05-07T17:17:00.005+01:00</published><updated>2009-05-07T18:02:45.186+01:00</updated><title type='text'>X-Men Origins: Wolverine</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;I've never read the X-Men comics, so I'm not qualified to judge the character himself, or the quality of the Hollywoodisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;But I'm perfectly qualified to say it is a mediocre movie, worth watching only for the special effects - and even they are none too exciting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;What &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;X-Men Origins: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Wolverine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;is notable for is purely as a template for filming graphic novels (comics, to you and me).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;1. The key characters in the movie are distinguished by a total lack of personality; the Good Guy is Good, the Bad Guys are Bad. But at one point in the movie, the Good Guy just might go bad (but doesn't), and the Bad Guys just might be good after all (but aren't) .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;2. The supporting characters are also distinguished by a total lack of personality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;The Intermediate Good Guys / Gals are Good, but betray the Good Guy and then show their True Goodness before dying or being forgotten about.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;The Intermediate Bad Guys / Gals are Bad, but do assist the Good Guy just once before Resuming Their Badness, before dying or being forgotten about.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Hangers-On may be junior Good Guys or Junior Bad Guys. Either way, they generally have no personality other than supporting their leader and maybe getting killed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Hangers-On who are killed are either killed accidently, or are in the wrong place at the wrong time, or are otherwise unlucky - they have too little personality for anyone to bother with consciously bumping them off.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;3. The plot is breathtakingly, almost nauseatingly simple, and involves a simple reversal of the Paper-Scissors-Rock game. it goes like this:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;There's only one Good Guy; though he may have hangers-on, and one or two Intermediate Good Guys. The Bad Guys, however are infinitely more complex. That is, the movie perms any two out of the following three:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Pure evil, with no redeeming points.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Pure evil, but with a sad past which makes that OK-ish.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Evil, Confused.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;(I told you it was complex!!)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Now, if we think of the Good Team as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Rock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;, then the Evil Teams must be &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Paper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Scissors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; The blurb may tell you there's only one Baddie, but we discerning Cinema Goers can spot the rivalry between strands of Baddie!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;As no one team can beat both the others, this gives scope for sad, brief, almost unbelievable alliances between &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Rock&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Scissors&lt;/span&gt; against &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Paper&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Rock&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Paper&lt;/span&gt; against &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Scissors&lt;/span&gt;, and when the baddies combine, &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Scissors&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Paper&lt;/span&gt; against &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Rock&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;This messy and disjointed bunch of inequalities means that the central issue of the movie (whatever that is) is never really resolved - even the Good Guy cannot win - requiring a sequel to reach closure. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;4. Whatever superpowers or tricks are available to Our Hero and his foes, come the day, the finale is satisfied by no more and no less than a good old fashioned brawl.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;5. The inevitable sequel will miss the point of the first film, failing to resolve the key outstanding issue, leading to a plethora of futile sub-plot dead ends.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;What a waste of &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "&gt;$130 million, not to mention my cinema ticket!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-3407933955060844790?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/3407933955060844790/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=3407933955060844790' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/3407933955060844790'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/3407933955060844790'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2009/05/x-men-origins-wolverine.html' title='X-Men Origins: Wolverine'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-4807707698523693909</id><published>2009-05-04T11:47:00.006+01:00</published><updated>2009-05-04T12:56:40.649+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='media panic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='air travel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='swine flu'/><title type='text'>Pandemic or Pandemonium?</title><content type='html'>Yes, I'm as concerned as anybody about the risk of catching swine flu; probably more than most, in that I'm one of those who actually believes that it's only a matter of time.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We keep animals in industrial plants where disease is rife, antibiotics overused, and natural immunity quashed. We keep people in similar ways, and cram them into appallingly ventilated aircraft to ensure that whatever diseases anyone has at the start of the flight are shared out before the end of the flight.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So it really is just a matter of time; possibly this outbreak (unlikely), but maybe the next, or the one after that. It'll happen, and no amount of quick identification, clever tracking the virus across continents, or blaming the Mexicans, will stop it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;But my quarrel is not with swine flu, or even the media, who - as ever - panicked (that didn't worry me, or anyone I've spoke to - it's taken as a given that the media will overreact. Who cares?). My quarrel is with the terminology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is an outbreak of a particular strain of flu. No capital letter, no red codes or flashing lights, not even a number. It's an outbreak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now, bearing in mind that flu kills some &lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8032188.stm"&gt;26,000 people each year in the USA alone&lt;/a&gt;, it seems to me that 226 &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;cases&lt;/span&gt;, even spread over 30 states - with no deaths - can hardly be called an epidemic. And let's take it wider; yes there have been deaths from swine flu this time around, but, so far, all have been in Mexico, or people who caught the flu in Mexico and then travelled. None of the 'second hand' contacts have died. Indeed, it appears that the form of flu is milder than many 'normal' flu viruses.  This is nothing against Mexico; it happened to start there, and no-one was expecting it, so early cases were not recognised until very ill. Now we know.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Worldwide, as I write what could be my last words (you'll be lucky), there have been fewer than 1000 cases, and about 100 deaths. And yet "The Authorities" everywhere call it an epidemic, and this epidemic scores five out of six on the way to a Pandemic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So, 100 deaths = Score One through Score Five, leaving Score Six to cover anytghing from 101 deaths to 6 billion deaths. As straight line scales go, I don't think so. Logarithmic scale? doesn't cut it. Exponential? not even close.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If the mathematics of fear brings us this close to a pandemic after 1000 cases, 100 deaths in 25 countries and secondary infection of ten people in five countries, then we're going to need a new lexicon for 'levels of pandemic'.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;So, here's the Heenan Scale of Flu Pandemics:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;#1 - 1000 cases, 100 deaths, 10 countries:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; "&gt;Code Drebin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;With Drebin from Police Squad, there's really no danger - unless there's some almighty comibination of ineptitude, crass stupidity and  and incompetence. Laugh while you can.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;#2 - 10,000 cases, 1000 deaths, 100 countries:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 102, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 102, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"&gt;Code Columbo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Things are serious, but there's a good chance of getting it under control ... but there's always 'just one more thing' that could lead to disaster. Still some humour, But This Just Might Be Serious.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;#3 - 100,000 cases, 10000 deaths, almost Worldwide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; "&gt;Code Kojak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It's awful out there, and not a lot that anybody can do except wait. This is where Kojak comes in; he's pretty useless as a detective, solving his cases by dumb luck ('word on the street' in 98.6% of episodes), but he always has a reassuring word. Just what we'll need.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;#4 - 1,000,000 cases, 100,000 deaths, Worldwide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"&gt;Code Bourne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It's dire; there's nothing anyone can do. News editors have run out of hyperbole and invective, there's nothing left to do but shoot up a few government departments. Won't help, but I guess people might feel better.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;#5 - 10,000,000 cases 1,000,000 deaths&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; "&gt;Code Dirty Harry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Up yours, pal - it's every man for himself.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OK, as scales go, this is no Beaufort or Richter - but it's a start, and we're going to need one. Maybe soon. Meanwhile, you can do the single thing that may reduce the spread of this disease -no, not wear a silly and useless facemask - simply wash your hands after visiting the toilet. Every time. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Oh, and think twice before flying, until someone notices that the ventilation sucks. And then blows the same air round and round and round, with a very high risk (almost 100%) of spreading airborne infection. That's been known, understood and ignored for fifty years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-4807707698523693909?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/4807707698523693909/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=4807707698523693909' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/4807707698523693909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/4807707698523693909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2009/05/pandemic-or-pandemonium.html' title='Pandemic or Pandemonium?'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-5522653653179224720</id><published>2009-04-18T23:36:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2009-04-18T23:55:35.844+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Undercover Nurse Struck Off</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70); font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;A nurse who secretly filmed for the BBC to reveal the neglect of elderly patients at a hospital has been struck off for misconduct, reports the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/sussex/8002559.stm"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;BBC news web site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70); font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70); font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;This has been widely interpreted as an attack on whistle blowers - and I'm sure that was part of the thinking at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nmc-uk.org/aArticle.aspx?ArticleID=3668"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery Council’s Conduct and Competence Committee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;. But the cited reason - a breach in the rules of confidentiality - seems to be enough.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;While &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70); font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "&gt;Margaret Haywood&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; "&gt;'s supporters point out that her actions were a response to thousands of complaints, and would doubtless have lead to improvements in the service, the NMC noted that "The panel believed that the [undercover filming] was unlikely to benefit the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; "&gt;patients that were on the ward at the time of filming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; "&gt;". &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;And that's the key. Undercover filming is, as Ms Haywood admitted, a high-risk form of journalism. In her case, she was being paid as a nurse, either as well as, or instead of, her work as a journalist - and her behaviour had to reflect that reality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;It is perfectly possible to use undercover filming while on duty as a nurse, without letting down the patients the journalist is being paid to care for - and it's certainly possible to gather evidence without - ever - compromising confidentiality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;I believe Ms Haywood was poorly advised before accpting the challnge, and the filming was edited with no thought for her future career. She should have been able to establish from the start that she - and she alone - had ultimate control over what was filmed, and what was used. previous films have had nurse approval of the final version, nurse involvement in every production meeting. And an on-off switch that could be used at any time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;This case should not be seen as threatening the future of undercover filming, even by nurses. But it will doubtless make future efforts even more risky.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-5522653653179224720?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/5522653653179224720/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=5522653653179224720' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/5522653653179224720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/5522653653179224720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2009/04/undercover-nurse-struck-off.html' title='Undercover Nurse Struck Off'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-3646731661184794584</id><published>2009-01-31T10:39:00.003Z</published><updated>2009-01-31T12:14:42.280Z</updated><title type='text'>Multitasking - Are Women Really the Bees' Knees?</title><content type='html'>Several research studies (by women) have concluded that women's brains are much better than men's at &lt;a href="http://clearinghouse.missouriwestern.edu/manuscripts/815.asp"&gt;multitasking&lt;/a&gt;. This research has never been successfully challenged, and has become accepted, to the point that various writers (women) have taken it forward to argue that men have either lost it, or never had it in the first place. One such stellar document generously tells us &lt;a href="http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/node/8685"&gt;Why Men Never Remember and Women Never Forget&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;While I am sure that there is a grain of truth in the findings - few men would dispute that women do seem to remember birthdays better than men, for example - most of it is pure over-generalized tosh, and three simple experiments can knock the whole lot into perspective.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Not only that, these three experiments can be replicated easily at minimal expense and effort.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I commend them to you.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. At The Supemarket Checkout&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Men:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Place 'next customer' bar after previous shopper's items.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Move own items from basket to moving belt, placing heavy and bulky items first, small, fragile or valuable items last; spaces items knowing that the moving belt will bring them safely to the cashier..&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Place 'next customer' bar after his items.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Locate bank card and reusable bags.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Greets cashier with a smile and a polite greeting.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Packs items neatly in bags, efficiently placing bulky items first and carefully arranging fragile items on top.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Pays and thanks cashier.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Women:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Place 'next customer' bar after previous shopper's items.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Stacks own items from basket to moving belt, in no particular order, and creating high, unstable pile as if only allowed to use a small part of the belt.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Does not place 'next customer' bar after her items.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Think aloud about the length of the queue, the inefficiency of the cashier and imply that the previous customer is wasting time with loud 'tuts'.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ignores cashier's greeting.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Realises she only got one of 'buy one get one free' - goes off to search.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Returns with item - decides she doesn't need either, and asks cashier to remove them from list.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Piles items any old how into bags.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Repacks items into some vague semblance of order.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Looks for purse (optional: unpack bags as purse is under newly packed shopping)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Tips out handbag to locate cardholder.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Finds card, pays for shopping.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Replaces card, replaces card holder, stops to read a note she thought she'd lost three months ago&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Grunts in response to cashier's 'Thank you - have a nice day'&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. At the Bus Stop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Men&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt; Arrives at stop, surveys those already there.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If in doubt, check timetable / route guide&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Check that season ticket or cash fare is to hand.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers whether to bet on Tottenham being in the top four (no), or Arsenal in the top three (yes), while keeping an eye out for the bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers whether Rupert Murdoch (Sky, Fox, The Sun) really is the anti-Christ (no) or simply a right-wing businessman with exceptional ability to plumb the lowest common denominator of the public's taste (yes), while keeping an eye out for a delayed bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers how far away the sun really is, and what implications that has for the likelhood of life on other planets (none), and whether the next Star Trek movie will be worth the wait (unlikely), while keeping an eye out for a much delayed bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;As the bus arrives, check clearly displayed destination information.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Signal in good time for the driver to see and stop.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;As the bus slows, calculate where it will come to a halt, and move (or be ready to move) as necessary, allowing people who were there first to move first, but taking advantage of unoccupied space without pushing or shoving.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Step onto the bus while reaching for ticket / cash.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Pay fare / show ticket&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Move into the bus, finding a seat if possible, avoid blocking gangways so far as possible.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Women&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Arrive at bus stop and stand as near as possible, even though knowing the bus usually stops at road marking three metres away.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ignore available information, even if this is unfamiliar territory&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers whether to wear the little black dress with the new shoes (duh!), while waiting for the bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers whether to wear the little black dress with the new shoes (duh!), while waiting for a delayed bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers whether to wear the little black dress with the new shoes (duh!), while waiting for a much delayed bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;As the bus approaches, be sure to ignore clearly displayed destination information.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Signal much to soon, while the driver is negotiating traffic, AND / OR much too late, as it passes.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Considers whether to wear the little black dress with the new shoes (duh!), while waiting for the next bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Repeat signalling performance, as another person (male) successfully hails the bus.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;DO NOT MOVE until the bus has stopped, then start picking up shopping and storm through the crowd to board&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Drop shopping at driver's window, spilling at least one bag, blocking the gangway, while searching for ticket / money.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ask driver if he's going your way (he isn't).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Swear at driver, pick up shopping and disembark&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Repeat #2 - #11 (at least once)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Pay fare / show ticket.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Make little or no attempt to move down the bus or keep gangway clear, delaying other passengers (and self) as they struggle to get past to oasis of space beyond.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Grumble at how slow and useless the service is.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. At the Drive-through ATM Machines &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Men:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Drive up to the cash machine. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Put down your car window.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Insert card into machine and enter PIN.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Enter amount of cash required and withdraw.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Retrieve card, cash and receipt. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Put window up.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Drive off.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Women:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Drive up to cash machine.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reverse and back up the required amount to align car window with the machine. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Set parking brake, put the window down.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Find handbag, remove all contents on to passenger seat to locate card. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Tell person on cell phone you will call them back and hang up.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Attempt to insert card into machine. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Open car door to allow easier access to machine due to its excessive distance from the car. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Insert card.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Re-insert card the right way.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dig through handbag to find diary with your PIN written on the inside back page. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Enter PIN.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Press cancel and re-enter correct PIN.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Enter amount of cash required. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Check makeup in rear view mirror.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Retrieve cash and receipt. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Empty handbag again to locate wallet and place cash inside. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Write debit amount in check register and place receipt in back of checkbook. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Re-check makeup.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Drive forward 2 feet.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reverse back to cash machine.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Retrieve card.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Re-empty hand bag, locate card holder, and place card into the slot provided! &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Give dirty look to irate male driver waiting behind you.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Restart stalled engine and pull off. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Redial person on cell phone &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Drive for 2 to 3 miles.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Release Parking Brake. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As I say, these experiments can be (and are!) replicated on a daily basis around the world.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Multitasking? No - simply overcomplicating simple tasks.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;[Thanks to Janine (female) for the ATM example]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-3646731661184794584?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/3646731661184794584/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=3646731661184794584' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/3646731661184794584'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/3646731661184794584'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2009/01/multitasking-are-women-really-bees.html' title='Multitasking - Are Women Really the Bees&apos; Knees?'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-7141417224856993833</id><published>2009-01-19T14:24:00.004Z</published><updated>2009-01-19T15:11:55.107Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='press technology progress media'/><title type='text'>New Technology - The March of the Media</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;It's always risky to write anything about progress, especially when you can &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;remember&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; when 'new technology' meant an electric &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;typewriter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; and a fax machine, two dinosaurs of the late twentieth century.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;But with the music industry turned on its head, the movie industry living an fear, and newspapers closing all over, it's an issue that won't go away.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;It's pretty much accepted that music will cease to exist on plastic discs, tape or anything else except memory sticks and MP3 players, and I'm amazed that Hi-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;Fi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;salesmen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; are still selling huge machines to fill rooms with sound. You can, of course, still buy vinyl - but that's a completely obsolete fad that has revisited as an overpriced trendy toy, that probably won't survive the latest recession. For those that doubt music's 'no return' trip, just look at the closure of music stores - and the desperation to reinvent themselves as 'games shops' and even &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jan/14/hmv-enters-live-music-market"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;diversifying into live music&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; (what will they think of next?).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;With movies, it's clear that a similar course will be followed; TV is migrating to the web at an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iabuk.net/en/1/virginmediastrikesdealwithitv120109.mxs"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_4"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;accelerating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; and DVD sales are on the skids. Will movies follow as quickly, &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1"&gt;downloadable&lt;/span&gt; by the mother of all broadband, or will it take another step in technology before discs disappear? Too soon to know - but even flat-screen TVs do not seem to have done the trick for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_5"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2"&gt;blu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;-ray, and the studios' insistence on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_6"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3"&gt;regionalization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; of discs will &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_7"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;inevitably&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; damage their profits, while &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_8"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_4"&gt;incentivizing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; bootleggers (go figure!).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Newspapers are a sad tale of self-inflicted pain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Many people of a certain age are happy with newspapers - "I love newspapers and books and am quite happy to get my news in paper format with my breakfast. I'd be a happy camper if that doesn't change." That's an often expressed view &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.webmasterworld.com/foo/3827399.htm"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;when the topic comes up in forums&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;But newspaper sales throughout the western world suggest it is no longer a representative view; sales are sliding all the time, at all levels of newspaper publishing (broadsheet, tabloid, local).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Printed journalism is in terminal decline - and that cannot be fixed, because times are so hard that it's all about paring down to the fiscal bone. So it feeds into a spiral of declining sales / declining quality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Hence advertising is allowed to influence editorial; no proofreading, little sub-editing, weak editors, 'news' replaced by hastily re-written press releases and celeb gossip.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;But the spiral of decline simply cannot be reversed, as in amongst it all, the Internet is breeding a generation for whom buying a newspaper is simply "huh?", as well as recruiting all those older disillusioned readers. Like me.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Sure there's &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;some&lt;/span&gt; good print journalism, but not much, and it's shrinking and quality print journos are aging. Most political and financial scandals are revealed - and followed up - on the web, some from TV. Very little investigative journalism arises from print these days. And if you think my views exaggerate the situation, ask yourself three questions about the financial press - theoretically the pinnacle of the print:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Did they see the merchant banking crisis coming?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Did they spot the biggest &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_5"&gt;Ponzi&lt;/span&gt; scam in history?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Did they seriously challenge the status &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_6"&gt;quo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;in any way?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Answers, upside down, of course:  &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_7"&gt;oN&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_8"&gt;oN&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_9"&gt;oN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Whatever you do, you'll not ever recruit young readers; I suppose you could pull back a few older readers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;And what about books? there's the same loyalty to books - among older people. But books have only been around, for most of the population, for 100 years; before that, they were for churches, business and the rich. Mass market paperbacks can only claim about 75 years; easy come, easy go. Again, a generation is already growing up without that 'respect' for books.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;How long before technology replaces them?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;There's already a &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_10"&gt;plethora&lt;/span&gt; of electronic books, and &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_11"&gt;ebook&lt;/span&gt; readers. In fact, a multitude of incompatible technologies. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FI73MA?tag=uknursingvacanci&amp;amp;camp=0&amp;amp;creative=0&amp;amp;linkCode=as4&amp;amp;creativeASIN=B000FI73MA&amp;amp;adid=1XM9RB42YESC2SESP5Y8&amp;amp;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Kindle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; is probably the most advanced, even though they &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_12"&gt;have&lt;/span&gt; the cheek to charge people to download blogs! But suffice it to say that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FI73MA?tag=uknursingvacanci&amp;amp;camp=0&amp;amp;creative=0&amp;amp;linkCode=as4&amp;amp;creativeASIN=B000FI73MA&amp;amp;adid=1XM9RB42YESC2SESP5Y8&amp;amp;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Kindle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; won't pass the "&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_13"&gt;Heenan&lt;/span&gt; Test" - First proposed in 1998, it goes like this - "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;No device will replace the paperback book until such device is not only easily &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_14"&gt;updateable&lt;/span&gt; and rechargeable, but is also capable of being read in the bath.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;" - therefore that revolution is still to come.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;And don't start me on mobile phones ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-7141417224856993833?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/7141417224856993833/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=7141417224856993833' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/7141417224856993833'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/7141417224856993833'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2009/01/new-technology-march-of-media.html' title='New Technology - The March of the Media'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-8768207696567826294</id><published>2008-09-20T17:16:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2008-09-20T17:34:45.143+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Short Selling or Greedy Gambling?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Short selling or "shorting" is the practice of selling things the seller does not own, (often financial instruments), in the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price. Often the sold item is 'borrowed' or 'rented' for the period of sale and re-purchase.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;- from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_selling"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Short selling has been restricted, for the moment (in the UK), to 'non-financial stocks, but the practice of short selling has been defended as contributing to 'market liquidity'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the US, there are also restrictions, also temporary, and a ban on 'naked short selling', which is the same practice, but without bothering to borrow to pay for the shares, or ensuring such shares will be available on the due day. Naked short selling has long been banned in certain 'key stocks'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It widely accepted that naked short selling is rife, and the practice is poorly policed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is pretty obvious that short selling is no more and no less than placing bets that a stock will fall - and it's equally obvious that market regulators are well aware of that, hence the past minor restrictions, and the current more powerful ones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But it is not only gambling that a stock will fall - &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Short selling is making a bet while simultaneously influencing the outcome in the better's favour.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No wonder it is so rife; no wonder they make billions out of it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And no wonder the regulators have failed to regulate it, or admit the obvious damage it is doing to more honest investors. &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;As these gamblers got rich, their money didn't come from each other, or from thin air&lt;/span&gt; - it came from outflanking pension funds and other legitimate investors who really keep the market alive - not just 'liquid'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whenever a stock - or the whole market - is in decline, gamblers can accelerate that decline as they laugh all the way to the bank. Short selling should be banned; the gamblers should pay for their shares as everyone else has to, not sell before they even own them - and naked short selling should be prosecuted with heavy financial penalties.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-8768207696567826294?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/8768207696567826294/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=8768207696567826294' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/8768207696567826294'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/8768207696567826294'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2008/09/short-selling-or-shorting-is-practice.html' title='Short Selling or Greedy Gambling?'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-1788039381358224135</id><published>2008-08-08T23:31:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2008-08-09T01:24:46.676+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Bendy Buses Banned in London</title><content type='html'>Boris Johnson is now mayor of London, and one of his campaign promises was to get rid of the 'Bendy Buses' - some 400 Mercedes Benz Citaro articulated buses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When he made the promise, Boris had little serious expectation of ever winning the election, and making stupid promises was no great challenge, even for him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The campaign to get rid of the bendy bus was launched by London's Evening Standard, a gutter-press tabloid that had waged a campaign against Mayor Livingstone for the whole of his 8-year tenure; this wasn't just a Tory versus labour thing, though that was part of it. It was a deeply personal feud.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As well as being happy to join any Anti-Ken bandwagon, Boris is a cyclist, and so had an affinity with cycling organisations who were party to the campaign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By now, you'll have gathered that I don't agree with Boris. Why not?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Doing the job&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bendies are large, roomy, well built, and have three doors. On/off at bus stops is easy and quick, with little risk of being too far from a door for easy egress, and no long waits for 50 people upstairs to squeeze down a narrow staircase.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They are designed for busy routes in busy streets, have worked successfully for 50 years in many countries, and beat the Routemaster in any comparsion you wish to make, except nostalgia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All of London's articulated buses are German, which takes nothing away from their quality - but may encourage the hysterical right wing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Cost&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bendy buses don't come cheap, and Boris has had the sense to say that existing contracts will be honoured, meaning that the last bendies (on Route 453) will retire in five to seven years time (contracts are flexible!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So he doesn't have the cost of replacement - merely the higher cost of the &lt;em&gt;next&lt;/em&gt; contract.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And it will be considerably higher. Not only has Boris promised double deckers, but he also plans on reintroducing conductors on those routes, with a cost he thought would be £2 million, but is actually nearer £110 million. Small discrepancy there, Boris!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even straight replacement would have been expensive; you'd need about three double deckers to replace two bendies. Bendies don't come cheap - but then, neither do double deckers.  Boris's bold plan to have a specially designed bus with an open back platform is anything but cheap, if indeed it happens at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Congestion&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Congestion in London's central area is a whole issue on its own, but two bendies occupy much the same space as three double deckers, and, with their three exits, spend less 'dwell time' at bus stops, arguably contributing less to the problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Free Buses&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There's no doubt that TfL need to tighten up on fare control. If you have a season ticket, you are not obliged to 'touch in' as you board the bus, while pre-pay users should.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that if you see someone fail to touch in, you don't know if he's (a) a forgetful prepay user, (b) a cheat or (c) a season ticket holder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is stupid, as there is no 'pressure' on the cheat. If everyone had to touch in, then anyone who failed to do so would attract stares at best, violence at worst. While not a complete solution, this pressure would put off the lily-livered cheat, who currently prospers as much as the vicious-looking guy with the tattoes, who will never be challenged! (Even though he's probably the most gentle man on the bus!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is also worth bearing in mind that the routemaster, which had conductors and was the predecessor of the bendy, was just as much a 'free bus' - as conductors only rarely ventured onto the upper deck during the rush hour (and some conductors rarely ever).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Bendy Buses and Cyclists&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Articulated buses run in most major cities in Europe and South America, and do not have a reputation as being the Cyclists' Nemesis. But then, cyclists in most countries do not own the road, as they seem to think they do in the UK. It seems quite reasonable to me that a cyclist who ignores traffic lights and road signs, then tries to overtake a bendy on the inside, is asking for trouble.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Bendies and Pedestrians&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can cut accident statistics in so many ways that it's hard to be 100% confident of anything. But there's little doubt that bendies are no more dangerous than double-deckers when the comparison is made between central area routes; a pan-London comparison, when bendies are rare in the leafy suburbs, is unfair.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;Bendies and Passenger safety&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bendy buses are much, much safer than Routemasters, with their open platforms and high access.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;H2&gt;So What's It All About?&lt;/H2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The anti-bendy campaign was born as an Evening Standard weapon to taunt Ken; it was taken up by a weird alliance of Routemaster fanciers, Aspirant Tories and Environmentally-friendly cyclists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Amd because 'New Labour' took a nasty turn at the election, Boris beat Ken - despite a lower than national swing, and now Londoners will foot the bill and be squashed into double deckers for the duration. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Shame!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-1788039381358224135?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/1788039381358224135/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=1788039381358224135' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/1788039381358224135'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/1788039381358224135'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2008/08/bendy-buses-banned-in-london.html' title='Bendy Buses Banned in London'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-8474092972854532987</id><published>2008-07-08T18:54:00.005+01:00</published><updated>2008-07-08T19:17:18.337+01:00</updated><title type='text'>How Stupid Are Ebay?</title><content type='html'>Ebay, and their joined-at-the-hip friend, Paypal, make much of how they protect the consumer; how they are a safe way to shop.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All rubbish, of course. I had a recent dispute, when a seller failed to deliver my paid-for goods. Because the seller had proof of &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;posting&lt;/span&gt;, Paypal's dispute resolution set up found in the sellers favour; this despite the sellers promise to post by recorded &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;delivery&lt;/span&gt;, and a promise that all goods were insured against loss.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I spent hours being fobbed off and sent around in circles until it was clear that all they wanted was the quiet life. Not one reply to numerous emails and forms, that suggested my words had even been read; no dialogue: "&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;This mailbox is not monitored and you will not receive a response.&lt;/span&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So I went to Google and found &lt;a href="http://www.consumerdirect.gov.uk/"&gt;Consumer Direct&lt;/a&gt;. Within minutes, a helpful human being explained my rights, advised possible next steps, and sent me &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;pro forma&lt;/span&gt; letters to adapt for my needs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now that's what I call customer service ... how stupid are Ebay?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(For those with similar issues, more details &lt;a href="http://www.vuzen.com/ebay/"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-8474092972854532987?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/8474092972854532987/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=8474092972854532987' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/8474092972854532987'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/8474092972854532987'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2008/07/how-stupid-are-ebay.html' title='How Stupid Are Ebay?'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-291402442887748043.post-1688556960516376876</id><published>2008-07-06T15:29:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2008-07-08T19:20:54.919+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Inner Peace Through Seeing Things As They Really Are.</title><content type='html'>I've always been fascinated by the success of Public Relations, and the ability of politicians and other inveterate liars to get away with it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We all know that journalism is dead, replaced by tittle-tattle and the Copying of the Press Release, but I suspect other forces are at work, too.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This blog will explore some of the more obvious examples ...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/291402442887748043-1688556960516376876?l=www.vuzen.com%2Findex.shtml' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/1688556960516376876/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=291402442887748043&amp;postID=1688556960516376876' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/1688556960516376876'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/291402442887748043/posts/default/1688556960516376876'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.vuzen.com/2008/07/inner-peace-through-seeing-things-as.html' title='Inner Peace Through Seeing Things As They Really Are.'/><author><name>Andrew</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07358204426365990745</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='16663871522719389156'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             